A 7-year-old male patient was referred to the Paediatric Department of Liverpool University Dental Hospital by a local orthodontist for ‘consideration of the management of malformed teeth’ in the...

A medically fit and healthy 10-year-old Caucasian male attended the orthodontic clinic at Royal Chesterfield hospital following referral from his general dental practitioner. He presented with a Class...

A 13-year-old female was referred by her General Dental Practitioner (GDP) to the Orthodontic Department at The University of Manchester. Medically, the patient was fit and well, the reason for...

A fit and well 16-year-old female patient was referred to a local Specialist Orthodontist by her General Dental Practitioner (GDP) to correct her moderate upper arch crowding and mesiolabially rotated...

A 14-year-old male was transferred to the Orthodontic department at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, from another hospital unit due to his family relocating. He was already undergoing fixed...

A 19-year-old male patient presented with a Class III incisor relationship on a moderate Class III skeletal base with increased vertical proportions. His malocclusion was associated with a 4 mm...

Sufficient intrusion of maxillary molars was achieved on both sides in a period of 6 months (Figure 6). Cephalometric superimpositions of pre- and post-intrusion lateral cephalograms registered on the...

Most 2D brackets consist of a simple self-ligating bracket with two distortable clips on the lingual surface to contain the wire. The two clips are adjusted to allow vertical insertion of the...

Single tooth ankylosis/MFE is a rare condition with a similar presentation to PFE. A key diagnostic feature distinguishing PFE Type II from MFE is that MFE often only affects a single tooth and teeth...

Case JD was aged 11 years 3 months when the appliance was fitted. He had a Class II division 1 malocclusion on a severe skeletal II base with a reduced face height. The overjet was increased to 18 mm...

The basic periodontal examination (BPE) is the screening tool for assessing periodontal health. It should be performed on all dentate adult patients as part of the initial examination. To carry out a...

A 40-year-old male patient was referred by the Department of Periodontics. The patient's chief complaint was spacing and elongation of the upper front teeth. The patient had a history of severe...

Pain is ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’.2 It is detected via free Aδ and C nerve fibres in response to physical, chemical or thermal...

The training, qualification, registration and scope of practice for all orthodontic auxiliaries in the UK has been agreed between the General Dental Council (GDC) and the British Orthodontic Society...