The force level presented on the packaging by manufacturers is standardized, and represents the force applied by the elastic when it is stretched to three times its resting diameter. In theory, the...

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the resulting COVID 19 pandemic led many governments to curtail the delivery of dental health services. Since June 2020, there has been remobilization of...

Use of the lateral skull radiograph should only be considered as an adjunct to a thorough clinical examination. Indications for cephalometry are outlined in current BOS guidance, where flowcharts are...

A medically fit and well 17-year-old female was referred to the orthodontic department at Royal Derby Hospital by her general dental practitioner (GDP) for assessment of missing UR2, UL2 and UR3. She...

Extraction of a lower incisor results in loss of 5–7 mm of tooth tissue from the lower arch. This reduces the intercanine width and, therefore, affects the radial fit of the upper teeth around the...

This article has presented two cases that illustrate how clear aligners can provide a viable alternative to the ‘gold standard’ fixed appliances..

The patient presented at 14 years old, fit and well, taking no regular medications and had no known drug allergies. She was referred because neither of the maxillary canines had erupted. After...

A 7-year-old girl was referred by her general dental practitioner to the orthodontic department with a submerging deciduous maxillary second molar. There was no family history of any dental anomalies...

A 9-year-old female was referred to the oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) department at the Royal Derby Hospital by her general dental practitioner (GDP). Medically, the patient was fit and well,...

Within the UK, there remains a current trend towards fewer extractions to be prescribed compared to 10 years ago, reportedly driven by facial and smile aesthetics, as well as the increasing use of...

A 9-year-old girl was referred to a joint orthodontic–paediatric clinic for assessment of her impacted maxillary central incisors, and for advice on the comprehensive management of these teeth. The...

This can present early in adolescence either with a severely displaced or excluded incisor, as shown in Figure 6. An incisor may also be associated with localized gingival recession. Extraction of two...

At age 14 years, Twin 1 was referred to the orthodontic department by his general dental practitioner (GDP) for the impacted UR3, retained LRE and non-vital UL2. Medically, he was fit and well,...

Objective clinician-based assessment of treatment need and outcome are being increasingly supplemented with subjective patient-based measures, which afford greater understanding of patient...

Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology that assesses, identifies and treats a wide range of mental and physical health problems, including addiction, anxiety, depression, learning difficulties...