A boy, aged 18 years 4 months, presented at the Department of Orthodontics with the chief complaint of protruding anterior teeth. His medical history was unremarkable, and temporomandibular joint...

There has been a significant change in the delivery of care for patients with cleft lip and palate in the United Kingdom in the last 10 years. This has been largely due to the findings of a Clinical...

Following the removal of the orthodontic appliances, the occlusion should be retained. The choice of retention should be made based on the treatment plan and as to whether the incisor space was opened...

Conventional ligation is considered to be the use of an elastic module to hold the archwire into a Siamese twin bracket. Figure 1 shows two types of ligation with elastic modules; ‘conventional...

A 13-year-old girl was referred for an orthodontic opinion regarding a retained URC and unerupted UR3. There was no history of dental trauma and no medical history of note..

An 11-year-old girl was referred by her general dental practitioner to the orthodontic department. This was for advice regarding crowding. Previous medical history included a diagnosis of linear...

The patient's, or parents', concern will often relate to the dental aesthetics, for example spacing, rotations and centreline deviation (Figures 1 and 2). They may comment on the canines which are...

This is a clinical method where the enamel surfaces of the teeth are directly examined. The teeth are first cleaned and dried using an air drier, and then the number of areas of demineralization...

Fixed or bonded retainers are usually used in the labial segment. They are long-term retainers used for cases in which the teeth are moved into an unstable position and likely to relapse, such as:.

The idea of reorganizing services into MCNs was developed during the Scottish acute services review.6 It proposed organizational change to improve access and the potential to improve services for...

In an effort to produce aesthetic orthodontic archwires two broad approaches have been taken: firstly, the coating of metallic archwires on one or more surfaces and secondly, the development of...

Power ridges (Figure 1) are built into the aligner in both the upper and lower incisor region, where torque of the incisors is required. Initially, these were only being placed on the labial surface...

The use of RME devices have been advocated in the past with PFM,4 based on the assumption that it disrupts the circum-maxillary sutures and initiates downward and forward movement of the maxillary...

Classification is according to morphology or location.9.