On 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina, a category 3 hurricane, hit the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, resulting in over 1,600 fatalities and displacing over 750,000 residents2,3 (Figure 1). It...

In England, orthodontic treatment can be accessed either through the National Health Service (NHS) or under private contract. Even prior to direct instruction from the CDO for England to stop all...

The first molar begins calcification at birth and erupts at roughly 6 years of age. As with most permanent teeth, the lower molar usually erupts just before the upper molar. The second molars begin to...

Following clinical and radiographic investigations, treatment decisions can be made based, not only on the type of malocclusion, but more particularly on the presenting features associated with the...

Calcification of the upper and lower permanent canine teeth begins at 4 to 5 months post-partum, with crown formation being complete by the age of 5 years. The lower permanent canine erupts at around...

The maxillary and mandibular second premolars begin to calcify between 24 and 30 months post-partum. They are often the last successional teeth to erupt, usually between the ages of 10 and 12 years in...

The maxillary central incisor commences its development in the 30th week in utero. Calcification begins 3–4 months post-partum and the crown is usually complete by the age of 5 years. It is often the...

When an intermittent force is applied to a tooth, such as during normal masticatory function, the periodontal ligament (PDL) is deformed slightly for a short time and the surrounding bone bends in...