The first molar begins calcification at birth and erupts at roughly 6 years of age. As with most permanent teeth, the lower molar usually erupts just before the upper molar. The second molars begin to...

Following clinical and radiographic investigations, treatment decisions can be made based, not only on the type of malocclusion, but more particularly on the presenting features associated with the...

Calcification of the upper and lower permanent canine teeth begins at 4 to 5 months post-partum, with crown formation being complete by the age of 5 years. The lower permanent canine erupts at around...

When an intermittent force is applied to a tooth, such as during normal masticatory function, the periodontal ligament (PDL) is deformed slightly for a short time and the surrounding bone bends in...