Joseph Bell

Specialist Registrar in Orthodontics (ST2); North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust/School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University.

email: joseph.bell7@nhs.net

An update on e-cigarettes and orthodontics

E-cigarette use may impact the following areas that are particularly relevant for an orthodontic patient:
Tooth movement;Caries;Surgical healing;Staining..