Abstract
Pain is a common side-effect of orthodontic treatment. The aetiology of orthodontic pain, pain pathways and pain management will be described.
References
Oliver R, Knapman Y Attitudes to orthodontic treatment. J Orthod. 1985; 12:179-188
Brown DF, Moerenhout RG The pain experience and psychological adjustment to orthodontic treatment of preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991; 100:349-356
Sjögren A, Arnrup K, Jensen C, Knutsson I, Huggare J Pain and fear in connection to orthodontic extractions of deciduous canines. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010; 20:193-200
Bergius M, Berggren U, Kiliaridis S Experience of pain during an orthodontic procedure. Eur J Oral Sci. 2002; 110:92-98
Erdinç AME, Dinçer B Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2004; 26:79-85
Jones M, Chan C The pain and discomfort experienced during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial of two initial aligning arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 102:373-381
Fleming P, DiBiase A, Sarri G, Lee R Pain experience during initial alignment with a self-ligating and a conventional fixed orthodontic appliance system: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 2009; 79:46-50
Scott P, Sherriff M, DiBiase AT, Cobourne MT Perception of discomfort during initial orthodontic tooth alignment using a self-ligating or conventional bracket system: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod. 2008; 30:227-232
Pringle AM, Petrie A, Cunningham SJ, McKnight M Prospective randomized clinical trial to compare pain levels associated with 2 orthodontic fixed bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 136:160-167
Williams OL, Bishara SE Patient discomfort levels at the time of debonding: a pilot study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 101:313-317
Mangnall LA, Dietrich T, Scholey JM A randomized controlled trial to assess the pain associated with the debond of orthodontic fixed appliances. J Orthod. 2013; 40:188-196
Patel V Non-completion of active orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod. 1992; 19:47-54
Krukemeyer AM, Arruda AO, Inglehart MR Pain and orthodontic treatment: patient experiences and provider assessments. Angle Orthod. 2009; 79:1175-1181
Lodish HF, Berk A, Kaiser C, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh HLNew York: Freeman-Macmillan Learning; 2016
Jerjes W, Hopper C, Kumar M, Upile T, Madland G, Newman S Psychological intervention in acute dental pain: review. Br Dent J. 2007; 202:337-343
Scheurer PA, Firestone AR, Bürgin WB Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod. 1996; 18:349-357
Feldmann I, List T, Bondemark L Orthodontic anchoring techniques and its influence on pain, discomfort, and jaw function − a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod. 2012; 34:102-108
Wu AK, McGrath C, Wong RW, Wiechmann D, Rabie AB A comparison of pain experienced by patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances. Eur J Orthod. 2010; 32:403-407
Papageorgiou SN, Golz L, Jager A, Eliades T, Bourauel C Lingual vs. labial fixed orthodontic appliances: systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effects. Eur J Oral Sci. 2016; 124:105-118
Jian F, Lai W, Furness S, McIntyre GT, Millett DT, Hickman J Initial arch wires for tooth alignment during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Cochrane Database Syst Revs. 2013:(4)
Powell C V, Kelly A-M, Williams A Determining the minimum clinically significant difference in visual analog pain score for children. Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 37:28-31
Kohli SS, Kohli VS Effectiveness of piroxicam and ibuprofen premedication on orthodontic patients’ pain experiences: a randomized control trial. Angle Orthod. 2011; 81:1097-1102
Patel S, McGorray SP, Yezierski R, Fillingim R, Logan H, Wheeler TT Effects of analgesics on orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139:e53-e58
Minor V, Marris CK, McGorray SP, Yezierski R, Fillingim R, Logan H Effects of preoperative ibuprofen on pain after separator placement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 136:510-517
Bird SE, Williams K, Kula K Preoperative acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for control of pain after orthodontic separator placement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 132:504-510
Bernhardt MK, Southard KA, Batterson KD, Logan HL, Baker KA, Jakobsen JR The effect of preemptive and/or postoperative ibuprofen therapy for orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 120:20-27
Steen Law SL, Southard KA, Law AS, Logan HL, Jakobsen JR An evaluation of preoperative ibuprofen for treatment of pain associated with orthodontic separator placement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000; 118:629-635
Sudhakar V, Vinodhini T, Mohan AM, Srinivasan B, Rajkumar B The efficacy of different pre- and post-operative analgesics in the management of pain after orthodontic separator placement: a randomized clinical trial. J Pharm Bioall Sci. 2014; 6
Yassaei S, Vahidi A, Farahat F Comparison of the efficacy of calcium versus acetaminophen on reduction of orthodontic pain. Ind J Dent Res. 2012; 23:608-612
Bradley RL, Ellis PE, Thomas P, Bellis H, Ireland AJ, Sandy JR A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the control of orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 132:511-517
Salmassian R, Oesterle LJ, Shellhart WC, Newman SM Comparison of the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in controlling pain after orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135:516-521
Polat O, Karaman AI, Durmus E Effects of preoperative ibuprofen and naproxen sodium on orthodontic pain. Angle Orthod. 2005; 75:791-796
Polat O, Karaman AI Pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2005; 75:214-219
Jackson D, Moore P, Hargreaves K Preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication for the prevention of postoperative dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 1989; 119:641-647
Iwasaki L, Chandler J, Marx D, Pandey J, Nickel J IL-1 gene polymorphisms, secretion in gingival crevicular fluid, and speed of human orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofacial Res. 2009; 12:129-140
Walker JB, Buring SM NSAID impairment of orthodontic tooth movement. Ann Pharmacother. 2001; 35:113-115
Lahoti SK, Lahoti KB, Mute B, Peter K Drug effect on orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2014; 6:1-3
Roth PM, Thrash WJ Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for controlling pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1986; 90:132-138
Weiss DD, Carver DM Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation for pain control. J Clin Orthod. 1994; 28:670-671
Marie SS, Powers M, Sheridan JJ Vibratory stimulation as a method of reducing pain after orthodontic appliance adjustment. J Clin Orthod. 2003; 37:205-208
Wang J, Jian F, Chen J, Ye NS, Huang YH, Wang S Cognitive behavioral therapy for orthodontic pain control: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2012; 91:580-585
Hwang JY, Tee CH, Huang AT, Taft L Effectiveness of thera-bite wafers in reducing pain. J Clin Orthod. 1994; 28:291-292
Otasevic M, Naini FB, Gill DS, Lee RT Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of a masticatory bite wafer and avoidance of hard food on pain associated with initial orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 130:6.e9-15
Keith DJ, Rinchuse DJ, Kennedy M, Zullo T Effect of text message follow-up on patient's self-reported level of pain and anxiety. Angle Orthod. 2013; 83:605-610
Wang J, Jian F, Chen J, Ye N, Huang Y, Wang S Cognitive behavioral therapy for orthodontic pain control: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2012; 91:580-585
Ireland AJ, Ellis P, Jordan A, Bradley R, Ewings P, Atack NE Comparative assessment of chewing gum and ibuprofen in the management of orthodontic pain with fixed appliances: a pragmatic multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016; 150:220-227
Orthodontic pain
From Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2020 | Pages 50-56
Article
Pain and discomfort have been reported to be experienced by up to 95% of orthodontic patients1,2 and can be felt at all stages of treatment. This includes early interceptive extractions,3 the placement of separators,2,4 bands,2 archwires2,5,6,7,8,9 and, finally, at debond and retainer fit.10,11 This pain can affect a patient's quality of life in a variety of ways and has been suggested as one of the principal barriers to orthodontic treatment.12 A survey of the pain experienced by 116 adolescent patients during orthodontic treatment13 found that orthodontists routinely underestimate the level of pain caused by their treatments. Indeed, the pain experienced following archwire placement is believed to be greater than that experienced following extractions.6 It is therefore important that orthodontists understand orthodontic pain in order to improve pain management, patient acceptance, compliance and overall satisfaction with orthodontic treatment.
Register now to continue reading
Thank you for visiting Orthodontic Update and reading some of our resources. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:
What's included
- Up to 2 free articles per month
- New content available