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Orthodontic indications for lateral cephalograms are diagnosis, prescription, prediction and research. Benefits of taking these radiographs must be weighed against the risks of radiation exposure. Various cephalometric analyses have been described, and these are commonly used for diagnosis and treatment planning, but unavoidable errors of both projection and identification can complicate radiographic interpretation. The use of the cervical vertebral maturation technique for growth prediction has been contentious, but may have a useful role in aiding treatment timing. Research outcomes in orthodontics have focused heavily on cephalometrics, but this is starting to change, especially with the development of 3D analysis techniques.
CPD/Clinical Relevance: The range of uses of lateral cephalograms in orthodontic practice and some of the latest research regarding the use of cephalometrics in treatment planning is described.
Article
Cephalometrics uses lateral skull radiographs to assess the positions of the skeletal bases and the inclination of the associated dental structures with respect to the rest of the facial skeleton. Radiographic landmark identification allows angular or linear measurements to be made, and is now most commonly performed digitally.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to use head measurements and a variety of lines related to specific head structures to assist his studies of the human form,1 and it was Birdsall Holly Broadbent Senior who is credited with the development of modern cephalometry.2 Indeed by the 1950s, the technique had become so widespread that a Californian orthodontist, Cecil C Steiner, stated ‘those of you who are not using cephalometrics in your everyday clinical practices now must soon bow to its importance, accept the added burden it imposes, and master its mysteries if you are to discharge your full obligation to your patients’.3 In the latter half of the 20th century the significance of cephalometrics in treatment planning was questioned4 and coincided with the increasing recognition of the importance of minimizing radiation exposure. The importance of cephalometry in the 21st century will be described in this article, alongside alternative approaches.
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